Iran Climbing Tour and Travel

Iran's Damavand Mountain tour
The city of Damavand is located 75 kilo-meters northeast of Tehran on the slopes of magnificent Mount Damavand with natural scenery of several orchards and a pleasant climate that makes it a desirable summer resort. Many springs of cold and hot mineral water around Damavand have therapeutic qualities. Damavand is a historical city. Its grand jamee Mosque that dates back to the 15th century and a number at shrines in the city are all evidences of its historical background. Firouzkouh, One of the districts of Damavand city is a cold mountainous area with vast pastures ideal for animal husbandry.

The city of Damavand is located 75 kilo-meters northeast of Tehran on the slopes of magnificent Mount Damavand with natural scenery of several orchards and a pleasant climate that makes it a desirable summer resort. Many springs of cold and hot mineral water around Damavand have therapeutic qualities. Damavand is a historical city. Its grand jamee Mosque that dates back to the 15th century and a number at shrines in the city are all evidences of its historical background. Firouzkouh, One of the districts of Damavand city is a cold mountainous area with vast pastures ideal for animal husbandry.

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Damavand is a city in Tehran Province in Iran. It has a population of 90,000. Damavand is an ancient city. The name Damavand appears in Sassanid texts (as Dunbawand), and Parthian remains have been found there. The city fell to Arab Muslim invaders in 651 CE. It is close to Iran's tallest peak Mount Damavand, where Ferdowsi mentions abundantly in the shahnameh. The city has relatively cool weather year round. Damavand is rich in historical heritage. It contains 37 historical tombs (Imamzadeh), 27 castle ruins, 23 traditional houses of architectural significance, 18 traditional baths houses, 6 caves, 5 historical bridges, 3 historical mosques, and 3 caravanserais.

Damavand is a towering volcano just 45 miles northeast of Teheran, near the Southern coast of the Caspian Sea. It is surrounded by the smaller and comparatively rugged peaks of the Elburz range, but its great height and classic volcanic shape, unique to the region, grant it dominance and isolation. Damavand has not erupted in historical times, though occasional steam and sulfur gases exude from the top. The view from the summit is an amazing panorama of Iran's vast expanse of mountains, valleys, and deserts.
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With a high point of 5610.27 meters, Damavand is the highest mountain peak in Iran located almost in the center of Alborz mountain range. Damavand is higher than all west Asian and European mountain peaks. Damavand peak is situated in Larijan district, southwest of Amol and 69 kilometers northeast of Teheran. What is peculiar about Damavand is its height, which clearly highlights this peak amidst an array of high peaks in the region and a permanent layer of snow, which remains unmelted on top of it all year long. The relative height of Damavand peak from the surface of the Plateau on which it has been erected, exceeds three thousand meters. The bottom side of the cone is about 20 to 23 kilometers in diameter. Its volcanic mouth is 400 meters in diameter, and is bounded by a frozen lake. The magnitude of the mountain is doubled since the diameter of the cone compared to its height is negligible. Structure - wise Damavand cone is Strato - volcanic From the geological point of view, though the Damavand cone belongs to a modern era, the volcanic activities which have formed the Damavand cone belong to the Holosen era and the lava discovered in the alluviums of the fourth era in Haraz river attest to the very fact that volcanic activities in this area are new. The slopes and skirts of this mountain are filled with volcanic lava and sulfur gases flow out of many volcanic mouths of this peak. The lava and other volcanic substances have been piled in layers on a sediment base composed of the stones belonging to the first and second eras. The surface on which the volcanic mass has been placed is a corrosive one which crosses wrinkled stones and rocks. The waters flowing here have dug deep valleys which have been later on filled with a variety of volcanic substances. Damavand mountain is the epicenter of an earthquake belt which stretches along Mazandaran province and many spas containing various substances flow out of it. Such spas include, Ask, Talkh Roud and Larijan. All springs flowing from Damavand mountain pour into Haraz river. Damavand mountain contains about 70 volcanic mouths and one of them is filled with a thick sulfur crest producing a beautiful conical peak with a diameter of some 400 meters. Stone sand, clay sand, clay and coal sediments form the bottom of this mountain and on the top of this layer limes belonging to the mid- Jurassic era are found. The wrinkles of this mountain range extend to east and west and the width of the range widens in a spot located between the Karaj - Chalus road and Haraz valley. This section of the mountain represents three ranges beginning from the Lar and Noor valleys. The highest spots of Alborz mountain range are located here. The height of peaks in this mountain range are no less than 3500 meters and a few peaks come in heights of over 4000 meters. Because of the fertile soil and appropriate climatic situation in the skirts of Tochal mountain, 3933 meters high in the north of Tehran many people have opted to inhabit these regions hence developing many villages there including Polur, Ask, Reineh, Abe Garm - e - Larijan, Garang, Larestan, and Razan. The most suitable path to climb Damavand Mountain is through Razan valley from the northeast part or through the Tarikh village from the west and southwest.
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The ancient sports of archery, wrestling and swimming, in which the Koran exhorts Muslims to train their children are also strongly encouraged by the Iranian authorities.Iran has sent wrestlers and weight lifters to the Olympics, and various sorts of traditional Iranian wrestling tournaments and displays can be watched in Zurkhaneh (house of strength).Although public facilities leave a lot to be desired, football, volleyball and basketball are popular, and Iran has had some limited success in all three at a regional level.

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Damavand tour and travel: A dormant volcano with a narrow summit. Location Alborz Mountains, Iran. Height 5671. First climbed W.T Thomson, 1837. The seasoned traveler in Iran is so used to seeing gaunt, rugged precipice , jagged peaks and bare deserts, that the sight of Damavand is a relief and surprise to the eye. Visible From many kilometers away, thought it is surrounded on every side by the peaks and ridges of the albroz, its superior height and singular outline compel attention. It is as prominent a feature in northern Iran (only 80-km northeast of the capital, Tehran) as is the well-known Fujiyama in Japan. Many travelers say that its snowy-white cone is the most beautiful sight of the country and the one-day treasure most. A small and picturesque town bearing the name of Damavand is beautifully situated on the southern slopes and is much used as a summer resort by the people of Tehran. There has been no eruption of the mountain in historical times and it is now regarded as virtually extinct thought some hot springs are found on its lower slopes. At the summit there is a crater, some 300 meters across, with a profusion of yellow sulfurous rocks and pumice stones. Snow covers the crater and upper slopes in winter and spring. in sheltered hollows snow many remain all the year. On most days of the year the summit can be seen from Tehran and, when the air is clear from far away kasahn to the south of the great salt desert. It is not surprising that such a prominent mountain should figure in Iranian legend. The great tenth-century Iranian poet, Firdausi, relates in his epic “Shahnama” how the tyrant Zohak is overthrown by the young Feridun and imprisoned in chains to die in a cavern on the slops of Damavand. Local legend asserts that his groans may still be heard .on this slops lived the heroes, Jemshid and Rostem .On Other Legend Associated Damavand with the arc, claiming that it rested here, and not ararat. Damavand has been frequently climbed since W.T.Thamson’s first assent. Traditionally, the Iranian was opposed to the conquest of the mountain. The climb is long, but not difficult or dangerous. Loose stone and small ribs of rock have to be clambers over, at higher levels, if the accent in early summer, expanses of snow must be corset to the crater at the top. Because of its great height and isolation, the view from Damavand is very extensive; a vast panorama of mountains, valley and desert covering many handed of square Kilometers. All around are other peaks of the alborz range, sweeping down in the north to the humid Caspian plain and in the south descending to the deserts of central of iran

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ALBORZ MOUNTAINS OVERVIEW
The term “Alborz Mountains” has been loosely used in reference to all of the mountains of northern Iran, from the Turkish border to the northwest, to the border with Afghanistan to the northeast (a distance of more than 1500 km). The Alborz Mountains gain their maximum height and density along the southern shores of the Caspian Sea where they create a formidable barrier that separates the coastal plains from the internal plateau of Iran. Close proximity to the Caspian coast has created a steamy lush environment on the coastal plains and the northern-most slopes of the mountains. In some places (near the coastal towns of Ramsar and Noshahr), the strip of land between the mountains and the sea is no more than one kilometer wide.
The southern slopes of the Alborz drop onto the central plateau of Iran. The average elevation of this plateau at the base of the mountains is around 1500 m (Please be ware that the plateau itself is covered by other scattered mountains. In fact, there are few places in Iran where mountains can not be seen in the horizon). In contrast to the lush northern slopes, the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains are barren. Trees can be found only on stream banks at the bottom of the valleys. Grasslands, alpine tundra and permanent snow cover the higher slopes of the Alborz. Evidence suggests that in the past, glaciers used to cover a much larger area of the Alborz Mountains than they do today. At the present time, glaciers can be found on Mt. Damavand, Takhte Soleyman Massif, Mt. Sabalan and to a much lesser extent on some of the higher peaks of the range. Winter brings a heavy coat of powdery snow that creates an ideal environment for skiing. The abundance of snow gives rise to fairly large mountain streams that provide fresh water for the nearby cities including the 10 million plus mega-city of Tehran. When viewed from space, some of these streams appear to have dug deep gorges that penetrate into the heart of the mountains. The distance between the 5671 m Mt. Damavand and the bottom of the Haraz Valley to the northeast of it where the elevation is only 1000 m is no more than 17 kilometers.
Peaks higher than 4000 meters can be found in two areas in the Alborz Mountains (Please note that this discussion excludes the Zagros Mountains of western/southern Iran that also have many groups of peaks higher than 4000 m):
1) A few peaks around the 4811 m summit of Mt. Sabalan in northwestern Iran
2) Depending on how you count them, hundreds in Central Alborz
Much of Central Alborz consists of very long parallel ridgelines that generally run east-west (parallel to the coast of the Caspian Sea). Deep valleys divide these ridgelines into distinct “groups”. Defining individual peaks along the length of these ridgelines that might be many tens of kilometers long and entirely above 3500 or 4000 m, can be arbitrary. Except for the prominent peaks, it appears that traditionally names have been used in reference to whole groups of peaks rather than individual ones. While many peaks remain nameless, others might be known by different names. The most accurate maps of the Alborz Mountains are those with a scale of 1:50 000 (see below). These maps provide exact elevations for hundreds of peaks/high points on each sheet but they leave most peaks without a name. It seems that the climbing community in Iran has recently started to publish maps that identify individual peaks and provide them with names (that will hopefully standardize). I am not aware of the criteria used for identifying these “Peaks” but looking at the 1:50 000 maps reveal that most of these peaks are at least 50 m higher than their surrounding saddles (most are much more than that).
The higher than 4000 meters peaks of Central Alborz can be divided into several groups as below:
ALAM KOOH/TAKHTE SOLEYMAN MASSIF
After the single volcanic cone of Mt. Damavand that rises to 5671 m (see below), the Takhte Soleyman Massif contains the highest peaks of Central Alborz (and the only place where the elevation of the peaks exceeds 4400 m). The crest of the massif consists of a 19 km long ridgeline that runs (unlike the rest of the ridgelines in Central Alborz) north-south and is entirely above 4000 m. Two branch ridgelines (the Haft Khan and the Chaloon/Siah Kaman ridgelines) bring the total length of the interconnected ridgelines that are entirely above 4000 m to 30 km (there are other connecting ridgelines that are partially above 4000 m).
Deep “V-shaped” valleys that surround the massif to the east, north and west of it, are heavily forested and drop steeply to the Caspian Sea. Sheer walls and high “U-shaped” valleys point to extensive glacial activity in the area. In fact, the massif contains the largest collection of glaciers in Iran.
In his “Takhte Soleyman Massif”page, Summitpost member “nomad” gives a list of 160 peaks that are higher than 4000 m. I simply do not have enough detailed information to know how many of these peaks pass the rule of “91 meters (300 ft) above the surrounding saddle” that is used in the Colorado Mountains of western United States for defining individual peaks. My personal experience in the massif and consulting the 1:50 000 maps seem to indicate that there are at least twenty peaks higher than 4400 m that probably meet the rule of 91 meters as listed below. Lower than 4400 m, the peaks become too numerous for me to count.
1) Alam Kooh 4850 m
2) Alam Kooh Shakhak #3
THE MIDDLE WALL OF CENTRAL ALBORZZ
The spine of this area consists of an 80 km long ridgeline that starts with Mt. Damavand (to the west of the Haraz Valley) and stretches west to near the Kandovan Pass on Karaj-Chalus Road. Except for the 3420 m Kabood Pass, the elevation of this ridgeline never drops below 3500 m. If you add the length of the many branches of this ridgeline, you will come up with more than 150 km of interconnected ridgelines whose elevations are entirely above 3500 m (except for Kabood Pass).
High glacially carved valleys can be found near some of the higher peaks (especially Kholeno and its nearby peaks). I am not a geologist but these valleys seem to point to glacial activity in the distant past. While today, some snow remains in the valleys year round, by late summer, the remaining snow patches are probably not large enough to be classified as “glaciers”.
The 5671 m summit of Mt. Damavand that rises on the eastern-most part of this ridgeline is by far the highest peak of Central Alborz (and the Middle East). Damavand is an almost perfect volcanic cone whose superior height makes it visible from miles away.
After Mt. Damavand, the highest peaks of this area are in the low 4000 meter range as listed below: (I have tried to limit the list to only those that seem to rise at least 50 meters above their surrounding saddles) Many other side roads provide access into the mountains. Red tape Much of Central Alborz is protected area. Camping is allowed but hunting will require a licence.Mid June to early Octcober. I prefer late June/early July when there is still much snow on the mountains.On the lower slopes the grass is green and flowers are in bloom. Too much snow, however, will obviously make the climb harder.
Many people climb these mountains in winter. That obviously requires training and special equipment. Conditions The most accurate topographic maps of the area are those with a scale of 1:50 000 produced by the Iranian armed forces, These maps are available in Tehran at the Geographical office of the armed forces on Moalem St. (Tel 98 21 8408088). Outside of Iran, the same maps can be purchased at www.cartographic.com for a very high price. These maps are in Farsi. While they provide accurate/detailed topographic info, these maps do not necessarily provide a name for each and every peak. For the Takhte Soleyman Massif, “The Guide map of Takht-e-Soleiman & Alam Kuh Region” by Iran Kuhro and for the mountains between the Karaj/Chalus and Haraz Rivers the “ Guide Map of Climbing the Peaks of Central Alborz” by Gitashenasi provide additional information and names for most of the peaks. These maps are schematic (cartoon-like) and distort distances and relative positions but can be useful when used with the 1:50 000 maps. The maps provided here have been created by me based on the 1:50 000 maps and are to scale.

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